Children of immigrants — born and raised in the country their parents migrated to — face a wage disadvantage compared to individuals without a migration background, even when accounting for differences in education and occupation.

Within-job gender gaps in earnings remain an important source of differences in Europe and North-America. Analyses for the six countries where we can examine the contractual hourly wage rate show that sorting and within-job inequality are similarly important for gender differences in wages

Segregation of workers with immigrant backgrounds into lower-paying jobs accounts for about three-quarters of overall immigrant–native earnings differences in Europe and North-America